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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Generalized entropy production phenomena: a master-equation approach.

G A Casas1, F D Nobre1, E M F Curado1

  • 1Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas and National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
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This study investigates generalized entropic forms, revealing that their entropy production is always non-negative. This finding extends understanding of irreversible processes in complex systems using master equations.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
  • Complex Systems Analysis

Background:

  • Generalized entropies are increasingly relevant for complex systems.
  • Previous work focused on Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy for irreversible processes.
  • Master equations describe systems with discrete probabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the time rate of generalized entropic forms.
  • Extend entropy production and flux analysis beyond Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy.
  • Analyze the non-negativity of entropy production for generalized entropies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized master equations to define generalized entropic forms.
  • Derived expressions for entropy production and flux.
  • Applied methods to various generalized entropic forms from literature.

Main Results:

  • Successfully obtained both entropy production and flux contributions for generalized entropies.
  • Demonstrated that the entropy-production term is always non-negative.
  • Illustrated findings with examples of known generalized entropic forms.

Conclusions:

  • The analysis extends the understanding of irreversible processes to a broader class of entropic forms.
  • The non-negativity of entropy production is a key characteristic of these generalized entropies.
  • Findings have potential applications in diverse complex systems exhibiting irreversible behavior.