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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
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Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

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Dynamical heterogeneity in periodically deformed polymer glasses.

Nikolai V Priezjev1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that polymer chains in a model glass relax quickly under periodic shear deformation. Above a critical strain, mobile monomers form clusters, accelerating the relaxation process.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Structural relaxation is crucial for understanding polymer glass behavior.
  • Time-periodic shear deformation is a common external stimulus applied to materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate structural relaxation dynamics in polymer glasses under shear.
  • Determine the effect of strain amplitude on relaxation time.
  • Identify mechanisms driving relaxation.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Coarse-grained bead-spring polymer model.
  • Analysis of segmental dynamics and monomer trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Small strain amplitudes lead to nearly reversible dynamics.
  • Large strain amplitudes induce full relaxation within 100 cycles.
  • A critical strain amplitude marks a transition to fast relaxation.
  • Dynamical susceptibility peaks at the critical strain.
  • Mobile monomers form transient clusters, aiding neighbor mobility.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer glass relaxation is highly sensitive to shear strain amplitude.
  • Dynamically correlated monomers and cluster formation are key to accelerated relaxation.
  • The findings provide insights into the mechanical response of amorphous polymers.