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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals
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Survival from rabies encephalitis.

Aaron de Souza1, Shampur Narayan Madhusudana2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa 403202 India.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Survival from rabies is rare but possible, with robust immune responses and viral clearance being key factors. This case highlights the need for improved rabies therapies and understanding host responses.

Keywords:
Human rabies immunoglobulinPurified chick embryo vaccineRFFITRabiesSurvival

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Rabies poses a significant global health and economic burden, particularly in Asia and Africa.
  • Neurologists manage complex rabies cases, facing challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to the disease's high fatality rate.
  • Current rabies therapies lack definitive efficacy in improving patient survival.

Observation:

  • This paper details the eleventh documented case of human survival from rabies following a stray dog bite.
  • The patient experienced severe neurological sequelae despite surviving the acute rabies encephalitis.
  • A robust immune response, evidenced by peripheral viral clearance and high antibody titers, was observed.

Findings:

  • Immunologically-mediated virus clearance appears to be a critical prerequisite for rabies survival.
  • The case study contributes to understanding the host response in human rabies survivors.
  • Analysis of this survivor's immune profile offers insights into potential survival mechanisms.

Implications:

  • Understanding the host immune response is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for rabies.
  • Further research into immune-mediated viral clearance could improve the prognosis for rabies patients.
  • This case underscores the importance of continued investigation into rabies management and survival factors.