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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders.

Emeran A Mayer1, Tor Savidge2, Robert J Shulman3

  • 1Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.

Gastroenterology
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Altered gut-brain interactions and gut microbiota changes are implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathogenesis. Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship and develop targeted therapies for IBS.

Keywords:
DysbiosisIrritable Bowel SyndromeProbiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Gastrointestinal Disorders

Background:

  • Bidirectional gut-brain axis communication is crucial in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathogenesis.
  • Emerging evidence suggests the gut microbiota influences these interactions, with dysbiosis potentially contributing to IBS symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review potential mechanisms underlying IBS pathogenesis, focusing on gut-brain interactions and the gut microbiome.
  • To highlight the need for further research characterizing microbiome alterations and their correlation with gut-brain axis dysfunction in IBS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on IBS, gut microbiota, and gut-brain interactions.
  • Analysis of existing data on altered intestinal microbiota in IBS patients and the effects of microbiome modulation.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical data support the role of gut microbiota in modulating gut-brain signaling relevant to IBS.
  • Characterization of altered intestinal microbiota in IBS patients shows a potential link to symptoms, with some improvement noted after interventions.

Conclusions:

  • The precise causal role of gut microbiota disruption versus altered gut-brain signaling in IBS development requires further elucidation.
  • Large-scale studies are necessary to comprehensively characterize the intestinal microbiome in well-defined IBS patient cohorts and link metabolites to gut-brain axis abnormalities.