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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Stroke volume paradox in heart failure: mathematical validation.

Srilakshmi M Adhyapak1, V Rao Parachuri

  • 1Department of Cardiology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

In ischemic cardiomyopathy, stroke volume initially increases with ventricular size but decreases beyond a certain point. Post-surgery, reduced stroke volume doesn't indicate worsened heart function.

Keywords:
CardiomyopathyHeart aneurysmdilatedleftmyocardial infarctionstroke volumeventricular functionventricular remodeling

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Mechanics

Background:

  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy can present with enlarged ventricles and paradoxically preserved stroke volume.
  • Surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) improves clinical status, ventricular volumes, and ejection fraction.
  • However, SVR can lead to a decrease in stroke volume, raising questions about cardiac function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume before and after SVR.
  • To determine if a decrease in stroke volume post-SVR reflects impaired cardiac function.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 101 patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms using echocardiography and contrast ventriculography.
  • 57 patients were reassessed 1.7-2.2 years post-SVR.
  • Analyzed changes in end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) and stroke volume index (SVI).

Main Results:

  • SVR decreased EDVI by 40.2 mL and SVI by 10.0 mL, while increasing ejection fraction by 6.7%.
  • A linear relationship existed between SVI and EDVI for EDVI < 150 mL (r=0.64, p<0.001).
  • The change in EDVI and SVI showed a significant linear relationship (r=0.72, p<0.001) persisting post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Stroke volume increases with end-diastolic volume up to a threshold, after which it declines.
  • Decreased stroke volume following SVR is a consequence of optimizing ventricular size, not impaired cardiac function.