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Body Mass Index (BMI) is a key indicator for track and field performance. Optimal BMI varies by event, with lighter physiques for endurance and heavier for sprints, impacting athlete potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Biometrics

Background:

  • Anthropometric characteristics are crucial in athletic performance.
  • Understanding the relationship between physique and running speed is vital for talent identification and training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between anthropometric characteristics and performance across all track and field running events.
  • To assess Body Mass Index (BMI) as a relevant performance indicator in elite track and field athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Collected data on mass, height, BMI, and speed for top 100 international male athletes (100m to marathon) from 1996-2011.
  • Analyzed data by performance deciles to identify trends.
  • Examined correlations between speed, mass, height, and BMI.

Main Results:

  • Speed showed significant positive associations with mass (r=0.71) and BMI (r=0.71), and moderate association with height (r=0.39).
  • Athletes generally became lighter and smaller as event distance increased.
  • Running speed increased with BMI, with optimal BMI varying by event distance; "lighter and smaller is better" for endurance, "heavier and taller is better" for sprints.
  • Higher performance levels correlated with narrower BMI variability, centered around a distance-specific optimum.

Conclusions:

  • Body Mass Index (BMI) is a relevant indicator differentiating athlete capacities across disciplines and performance levels.
  • Physique gradients, particularly BMI, play a significant role in optimizing running performance.
  • While BMI allows for diversity in sprints, it presents a more restrictive physique aspect for long-distance events.