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Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

Physical Properties of Alkanes

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Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
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Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

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The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation01:29

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This lesson delves into the mass spectrometry of branched alkane fragmentation. Branched alkanes possess secondary or tertiary carbon atoms, which generate relatively stable carbocations if the cleavage occurs at the branching point. The high stability of carbocations drives the instant fragmentation of branched alkanes. Accordingly, the branched alkane's molecular ion peak is very weak or invisible in the mass spectra, especially in comparison to a linear alkane.
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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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Relative Stabilities of Alkenes01:59

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

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The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene.  The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.
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Mass effect on the Soret coefficient in n-alkane mixtures.

David Alonso de Mezquia1, M Mounir Bou-Ali1, J Antonio Madariaga2

  • 1Mechanical and Manufacturing Department, Engineering Faculty of Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Loramendi 4 Apdo. 23, 20500 Mondragon, Spain.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

We determined the Soret coefficient for n-alkane mixtures. Equimolar mixtures show a mass effect, while non-equimolar mixtures exhibit a slight molar fraction dependence, leading to a new predictive correlation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • The Soret effect, or thermal diffusion, describes the mass transport in mixtures driven by a temperature gradient.
  • Understanding the Soret coefficient in n-alkane mixtures is crucial for predicting mixture behavior in various chemical engineering applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the Soret coefficient for equimolar and non-equimolar n-alkane mixtures.
  • To investigate the influence of molar fraction on the Soret effect in these mixtures.
  • To develop a predictive correlation for the Soret coefficient of n-alkane mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental determination of molecular diffusion and thermal diffusion coefficients.
  • Analysis of Soret coefficient behavior in relation to mixture composition (equimolar vs. non-equimolar).
  • Development of a new correlation using physical properties like viscosity, thermal expansion, and density.

Main Results:

  • Equimolar n-alkane mixtures exhibit Soret behavior analogous to isotopic mixtures, driven solely by mass effects.
  • Non-equimolar mixtures show a minor linear dependency of the Soret coefficient on molar fraction.
  • A novel correlation was established to predict the Soret coefficient using readily available mixture and component properties.

Conclusions:

  • The Soret effect in n-alkane mixtures is primarily governed by mass differences in equimolar compositions.
  • Molar fraction significantly influences the Soret coefficient in non-equimolar mixtures.
  • The developed correlation offers a practical tool for estimating the Soret coefficient in n-alkane systems.