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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Hemimegalencephaly without epilepsy: case report.

Greg James¹, Mano Shanmuganathan, William Harkness

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK, greg.james@nhs.net.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery

|March 5, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hemimegalencephaly, a rare brain malformation, typically presents with severe symptoms. This case report details a child with radiological hemimegalencephaly but a mild clinical course, highlighting atypical presentations.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Developmental Biology
Radiology

Background:

Hemimegalencephaly is a rare sporadic brain malformation.
Characterized by unilateral cerebral hemisphere enlargement.
Classical triad: intractable epilepsy, severe psychomotor delay, hemiparesis.

Observation:

A 3-year-old girl presented with radiological features of severe hemimegalencephaly.
She exhibited a comparatively benign clinical course.
Notably, she had no hemiparesis, mild psychomotor delay, and no seizures.

Findings:

This case represents a significant deviation from the typical clinical presentation of hemimegalencephaly.
Literature review found only one prior report of hemimegalencephaly without seizures in a case series.
This is the first dedicated case report with clinical and radiological details of this atypical presentation.

Implications:

Suggests a broader spectrum of clinical manifestations for hemimegalencephaly.
Highlights the importance of considering atypical presentations in diagnosing rare brain malformations.
May prompt further research into the genetic and molecular underpinnings of variable clinical expressivity in hemimegalencephaly.