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Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

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Updated: May 2, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Charge-assisted halogen bonding: donor-acceptor complexes with variable ionicity.

Julien Lieffrig¹, Olivier Jeannin, Arkadiusz Frąckowiak

¹Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université Rennes 1 & CNRS UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes (France), Fax: (+33) 23-23-67-32.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 5, 2014

Summary

Charge-assisted halogen bonding in isostructural charge-transfer complexes was revealed. The strength of these C-I⋅⋅⋅N≡C bonds correlates with charge transfer, influencing conductivity and demonstrating electrostatics

Keywords:

charge transfer conducting materials crystal engineering donor-acceptor systems halogen bonding noncovalent interactions

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Materials science
Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

Charge-transfer complexes are crucial in developing novel electronic materials.
Halogen bonding, a non-covalent interaction, plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly and material properties.
Understanding the interplay between charge transfer and intermolecular forces is key to tuning material conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate charge-assisted halogen bonding in a series of isostructural charge-transfer complexes.
To establish a correlation between the degree of charge transfer and halogen bond strength.
To explore the influence of electrostatics on halogen bonding and material properties.

Main Methods:

Synthesis and structural analysis of isostructural charge-transfer complexes (EDT-TTFI2)2(TCNQF(n)), n=0-2.
Variable-temperature X-ray diffraction studies (300 K to 20 K).
Analysis of electronic properties, including conductivity measurements.
Spectroscopic investigations (magnetic susceptibility, IR spectroscopy).

Main Results:

Unambiguous evidence for charge-assisted halogen bonding (C-I⋅⋅⋅N≡C) was observed.
A direct correlation between charge transfer degree and C-I⋅⋅⋅N≡C halogen bond strength was established.
Isostructural complexes showed variable ionicity and conductivity, ranging from insulating to highly conducting.
A neutral-ionic phase transition was observed in (EDT-TTFI2)2(TCNQF) upon cooling.

Conclusions:

Charge-assisted halogen bonding is a significant interaction in these charge-transfer complexes.
Electrostatic interactions are crucial in determining halogen bond strength and material properties.
The study demonstrates a pathway to tune conductivity in organic materials through controlled halogen bonding and charge transfer.