Periodontal diseases as an emerging potential risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A review of concepts

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Periodontology
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

• Preterm birth is a major global perinatal issue, causing significant morbidity and mortality.
• While numerous risk factors exist for preterm labor, poor oral health, particularly periodontal infection, is an emerging concern.
• Periodontal disease during pregnancy is linked to adverse fetal outcomes, including growth restriction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight periodontal infection as a modifiable risk factor for preterm birth and low birth weight.
• To elucidate the mechanisms by which periodontal disease may influence pregnancy outcomes.
• To advocate for the inclusion of periodontal disease screening and treatment in prenatal care.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on the association between periodontal disease and preterm birth.
• Discussion of the pathophysiological pathways linking periodontal infection to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
• Analysis of the role of bacteria, endotoxins, and inflammatory mediators in preterm labor.

Main Results:

• The infected periodontium harbors bacteria that produce endotoxins, cytokines, and prostaglandins, potentially triggering uterine contractions.
• Periodontal disease progression during pregnancy is associated with increased fetal growth restriction.
• Early identification and treatment of periodontal disease can be a crucial intervention.

Conclusions:

• Periodontal disease is a significant, yet modifiable, risk factor for preterm birth and low birth weight.
• Effective management of oral health is essential for improving pregnancy outcomes.
• Integrating periodontal care into routine prenatal care is recommended to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.