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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

35
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
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Ectopic calcification in diabetic vascular disease.

Angelo Avogaro1, Marcello Rattazzi, Gian Paolo Fadini

  • 1University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism , Via Giustiniani, 2, 35100 Padova , Italy +39 049 8212178 ; +39 049 8212184 ; angelo.avogaro@unipd.it.

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets
|March 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic patients experience more vascular calcification, increasing cardiovascular disease risk. Understanding the mechanisms and cellular contributions offers new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause over 50% of deaths in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Diabetic patients exhibit increased prevalence of vascular calcification, particularly in coronary arteries and valves.
  • Vascular calcification is a significant contributor to the high CVD burden in diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of exaggerated vascular calcification in diabetes.
  • To analyze the impact of current therapies on vascular calcification progression in diabetic individuals.
  • To highlight the role of resident and circulating calcifying cells in diabetic vascular calcification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and basic science studies on diabetic vascular calcification.
  • Analysis of existing therapeutic strategies and their effects.
  • Focus on cellular contributions to calcification processes.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic conditions promote accelerated arterial and valvular calcification.
  • Specific cellular players (resident/circulating) significantly contribute to calcification.
  • Current therapies may have variable effects on calcification progression.

Conclusions:

  • Ectopic calcification in diabetic vascular disease is a growing area of research.
  • Mechanisms and consequences of diabetic vascular calcification are becoming clearer.
  • Emerging therapeutic targets offer potential for cardiovascular protection through calcification modulation.