Generalizability of delay of gratification: dimensionality and function

Area of Science:

• Psychology
• Cognitive Science

Background:

• Debate exists regarding the factor structure of adults' delay of gratification.
• Mixed findings link delay of gratification to achievement outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the factor structure of delay of gratification in adults.
• To examine the distinct predictive validity of identified components on achievement.

Main Methods:

• Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Generalizability of Deferment of Gratification Questionnaire.
• Reliability and validity assessments, including correlations with related constructs.
• Multi-wave, multi-source data collection for performance prediction.

Main Results:

• Delay of gratification comprises two distinct factors: Controlling-Impulse and Planning-and-Waiting.
• Planning-and-Waiting uniquely predicts future goals (CFC-Future).
• Controlling-Impulse predicts both immediate and future goals (CFC-Immediate, CFC-Future) and long-term/creative performance.

Conclusions:

• The two-factor structure of delay of gratification is empirically supported.
• Controlling-Impulse is a significant predictor of long-term and creative achievement, highlighting its distinct importance.