Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

41.0K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
41.0K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.1K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.1K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.5K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.5K
Hearing01:31

Hearing

48.0K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
48.0K
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

1.3K
The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Decoding of frequency-modulated sweeps by core and belt neurons in the alert macaque auditory cortex.

Journal of neurophysiology·2025
Same author

Deep neural networks explain spiking activity in auditory cortex.

PLoS computational biology·2025
Same author

Hierarchical emergence of opponent coding in auditory belt cortex.

Journal of neurophysiology·2025
Same author

Deep Neural Networks Explain Spiking Activity in Auditory Cortex.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Receptive-field nonlinearities in primary auditory cortex: a comparative perspective.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2024
Same author

Temporally precise population coding of dynamic sounds by auditory cortex.

Journal of neurophysiology·2021
Same journal

Targeting intracranial electrical stimulation to network regions defined within individuals causes network-level effects.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

When "Noise" Isn't Simply Noise: Deterministic Postural Drive During Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (nGVS).

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Abrupt Scene Onsets and Gradually Emerging Scene Information Produce Distinct EEG Decoding Dynamics.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

From discovery to translation: charting a course for the <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Neuromodulatory Strategies Overcome Multiple Inevitable Impairments of Cerebral Palsy.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Acute Fentanyl Toxicity:From Opioid-Induced to Hypoxia-Mediated Pathophysiology.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

10.9K

Encoding frequency contrast in primate auditory cortex.

Brian J Malone1, Brian H Scott2, Malcolm N Semple3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; bmalone@ohns.ucsf.edu.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural responses to frequency modulation (FM) in the auditory cortex show dynamic hyperacuity. Temporal spike timing, not just firing rate, is crucial for processing complex sounds like speech.

Keywords:
auditorycortexmodulationneurophysiologyprimate

More Related Videos

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents
07:52

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

997
Author Spotlight: Investigating Vocal Information Representation in Small Primates and Its Alteration by Psychiatric Disorders Using Noninvasive EEG
07:52

Author Spotlight: Investigating Vocal Information Representation in Small Primates and Its Alteration by Psychiatric Disorders Using Noninvasive EEG

Published on: July 26, 2024

1.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

10.9K
Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents
07:52

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

997
Author Spotlight: Investigating Vocal Information Representation in Small Primates and Its Alteration by Psychiatric Disorders Using Noninvasive EEG
07:52

Author Spotlight: Investigating Vocal Information Representation in Small Primates and Its Alteration by Psychiatric Disorders Using Noninvasive EEG

Published on: July 26, 2024

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Processing
  • Psychoacoustics

Background:

  • Complex acoustic signals, including human speech, rely on amplitude and frequency changes for communication.
  • Previous research characterized neural responses to sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) in the auditory cortex.
  • Understanding responses to sinusoidal frequency modulation (SFM) is crucial for a complete picture of auditory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neuronal responses to sinusoidal frequency modulation (SFM) in the core auditory cortex of rhesus macaques.
  • To compare SFM processing with previously studied SAM processing.
  • To explore the role of temporal dynamics and neural thresholds in frequency discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded neuronal responses in the auditory cortex of awake rhesus macaques.
  • Presented sinusoidal frequency modulation (SFM) stimuli with varying parameters (modulation frequency, depth, carrier frequency).
  • Utilized spike train classification methods to analyze neural responses and discrimination thresholds.

Main Results:

  • Neuronal responses to SFM were analogous to SAM responses, with parameters encoded in spike train temporal dynamics.
  • Carrier frequency changes reliably altered modulation period histograms, suggesting instantaneous discharge probability mirrors the spectrum.
  • Neural thresholds for SFM depth discrimination exhibited 'dynamic hyperacuity', exceeding predictions from static tone tuning, indicating central enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • The auditory cortex exhibits enhanced processing of frequency changes compared to the periphery.
  • Spike timing information is superior to average firing rate for discriminating SFM signals and static tones.
  • Temporal response dynamics play a primary and general role in cortical auditory processing.