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Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Gap Junctions01:37

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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The pannexins: past and present.

Stephen R Bond1, Christian C Naus2

  • 1Genome Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Cellular and Physiological Science, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pannexins (Panxs) are proteins that connect intracellular and extracellular spaces, facilitating ion and molecule movement. They play key roles in cell signaling, inflammation, and purinergic communication in vertebrates.

Keywords:
Panx1Panx2Panx3biochemistrydistributiongatingpannexinstructure

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Pannexins (Panxs) are chordate proteins homologous to invertebrate innexins.
  • Vertebrate Panxs (Panx1, Panx2, Panx3) have lost direct cell coupling ability.
  • Panxs primarily connect intracellular and extracellular compartments, facilitating passive ion and molecule transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of pannexin research.
  • To explore the historical discovery of Panxs.
  • To outline current understanding of Panx biochemistry and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pannexin research.

Main Results:

  • Panxs facilitate movement of ions and small molecules.
  • Panxs exhibit diverse tissue distribution and developmental regulation.
  • Panxs are implicated in ATP signaling, inflammation, and purinergic communication.

Conclusions:

  • Pannexins are crucial for extracellular purinergic communication.
  • Panxs play significant roles in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.
  • Understanding Panxs is vital for comprehending health and disease mechanisms.