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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Equity theory explains how our sense of fairness influences the dynamics of close relationships. Rooted in social psychology, the theory posits that individuals evaluate fairness by comparing the ratio of their contributions to the rewards they receive. Relationship satisfaction is highest when these ratios are perceived as balanced between partners, promoting mutual reciprocity and a sense of justice.Equity vs. Equality in RelationshipsEquity is distinct from equality. Fairness does not...
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Transnational surrogacy and the justice condition of nonexploitation.

The American journal of bioethics : AJOB·2014
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Assisted reproduction and distributive justice.

Vida Panitch

    Bioethics
    |March 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Public health insurance should cover assisted reproduction, like In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), based on unpredictability and cost. This approach supports collective responsibility for infertility treatment, particularly for medical necessity or inability to pay.

    Keywords:
    assisted reproductionbasic needscontractarianismdistributive justicehealth policyin vitro fertilizationright to reproduce

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    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Health Policy
    • Reproductive Medicine

    Background:

    • Recent policy changes in Quebec (covering IVF) and Ontario (de-insuring IVF) highlight the debate on public funding for assisted reproduction.
    • The core issue questions whether reproduction and its associated costs are individual or collective responsibilities within a public health system.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine justifications for collective public funding of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in liberal societies.
    • To evaluate rights-based, needs-based, and contractarian insurance-based models for public coverage of ART.

    Main Methods:

    • Critical analysis of ethical and political justifications for public health coverage.
    • Application of a contractarian insurance-based model to assess the case for public funding of assisted reproduction.
    • Examination of infertility as an unpredictable incident necessitating insurance.

    Main Results:

    • Rights-based and needs-based approaches are deemed insufficient for justifying universal public coverage of IVF.
    • Infertility is framed as an unpredictable event, supporting the contractarian insurance model for collective responsibility.
    • Assisted reproduction coverage is advocated, but restricted to cases of medical necessity or financial inability to pay.

    Conclusions:

    • A means-tested system for assisted reproduction coverage is proposed as a viable alternative to current Ontario and Quebec models.
    • This approach aligns collective responsibility with principles of unpredictability and cost-effectiveness in public health insurance.
    • The findings offer a promising framework for bioethicists, philosophers, and policymakers considering ART funding.