Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

34.7K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
34.7K
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

12.6K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
12.6K
Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups01:20

Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups

712
Survival analysis is a cornerstone of medical research, used to evaluate the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. Unlike standard statistical methods, survival analysis is particularly adept at handling censored data—instances where the event has not occurred for some participants by the end of the study or remains unobserved. To address these unique challenges, specialized techniques like the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and...
712
Assumptions of Survival Analysis01:15

Assumptions of Survival Analysis

492
Survival models analyze the time until one or more events occur, such as death in biological organisms or failure in mechanical systems. These models are widely used across fields like medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event phenomena. To ensure accurate results, survival analysis relies on key assumptions and careful study design.
492
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

10.5K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.5K
Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

2.2K
Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessment of the Perceived Benefit of Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in the East of England: A Multicenter Survey of Crews.

Air medical journal·2026
Same author

Inhaled methoxyflurane for fracture reduction in prehospital extremity trauma: an observational review of HEMS clinical practice.

Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine·2026
Same author

Early calcium disturbances in trauma: prehospital measurement by a UK Helicopter Emergency Medical Service.

Emergency medicine journal : EMJ·2026
Same author

Prehospital Postintubation Hypotension and Survival in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

Short and long-term complications of prehospital arterial catheterisation performed by a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in the United Kingdom.

Critical care (London, England)·2025
Same author

The association between intra-arrest arterial blood pressure and return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Resuscitation·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status
06:58

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

Published on: February 3, 2022

2.6K

Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace and lower mortality?

Kate Lachowycz1, Andy P Jones1

  • 1University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Science, Norwich NR4 7JT, UK.

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|March 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Greenspace access correlates with more recreational walking, but walking does not explain the link between greenspace and reduced mortality. Other factors, like psychosocial ones, may be involved.

Keywords:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)GreenspaceMortalityPhysical activityUKWalking

More Related Videos

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
07:21

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.7K
Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status
06:58

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

Published on: February 3, 2022

2.6K
Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
07:21

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.7K
Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Greenspace access is linked to longer life expectancy, but causal mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Social-ecological theories suggest multifaceted health impacts of greenspace, yet mediating pathways require empirical testing.
  • Understanding how greenspace influences mortality is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relationship between greenspace access and self-reported walking levels.
  • To determine if recreational walking mediates the association between greenspace access and reduced premature mortality from circulatory disease.
  • To explore disparities in greenspace access and mortality benefits across different socioeconomic areas.

Main Methods:

  • A large-scale survey of 165,424 adults in England (2007-2008) assessed greenspace access and self-reported walking.
  • Negative binomial regression multilevel models were used to analyze greenspace-walking associations, controlling for confounders.
  • Area-level analysis of 6781 Middle Super Output Areas examined mediation by recreational walking on mortality.

Main Results:

  • Better greenspace access was significantly associated with higher reported recreational walking (13-18% more days in the greenest quintile).
  • Recreational walking did not mediate the relationship between greenspace access and reduced premature mortality.
  • The association between greenspace access and reduced mortality was primarily observed in the most deprived areas.

Conclusions:

  • While greenspace access promotes recreational walking, walking is not the primary mediator of greenspace's effect on mortality.
  • Psychosocial factors, rather than physical activity via walking, may explain the greenspace-mortality link.
  • Future research should investigate alternative causal mechanisms, particularly psychosocial pathways, for greenspace benefits.