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Related Concept Videos

Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

896
As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

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The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
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Social Traps01:41

Social Traps

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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish
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Published on: May 14, 2010

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Straight talk with...Harlan Krumholz.

Harlan Krumholz, Roxanne Khamsi

    Nature Medicine
    |March 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Johnson & Johnson will share all clinical trial data via the Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) project. This partnership enhances medical research and decision-making through increased data transparency.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical research
    • Clinical data transparency
    • Academic-industry partnerships

    Background:

    • Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly sharing data.
    • Johnson & Johnson (J&J) is a major drug manufacturer.
    • Data transparency is crucial for medical advancement.

    Discussion:

    • The YODA project, led by Harlan Krumholz, aims to improve clinical decision-making through data analysis.
    • J&J's commitment includes providing de-identified, patient-level data from studies supporting all approved drugs.
    • This move signifies a major advancement in pharmaceutical data transparency.

    Key Insights:

    • Independent review of data requests will be managed by the YODA project.
    • Patient-level data from J&J's clinical studies will be made available.

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  • This collaboration facilitates broader scientific inquiry into drug efficacy and safety.

    • Outlook:

    • Increased data accessibility is expected to accelerate medical discoveries.
    • The partnership may set a precedent for other pharmaceutical companies.
    • Greater transparency in clinical trial data can enhance public trust in medical research.