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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Novel Arthroscopic Medial Knot-Tying Suture-Bridge Repair with Rip-Stop Technique for Rotator Cuff Tears
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[The gymnastics shoulder].

C Gerhardt1, R Doyscher, H-P Boschert

  • 1Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie (CMSC) und Centrum für Sportwissenschaft und Sportmedizin (CSSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.

Der Orthopade
|March 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gymnasts frequently experience shoulder injuries due to repetitive stress, impacting their careers. Early treatment and prevention programs are crucial for managing these conditions and allowing athletes to compete at higher levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Adult gymnasts exhibit a high incidence of shoulder pathologies.
  • Repetitive bilateral weight-bearing in gymnastics differs from unilateral loading in other sports.
  • High training volumes (up to 32 hours/week) contribute to shoulder stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and patterns of shoulder injuries in gymnasts.
  • To emphasize the need for increased awareness among medical professionals and coaches.
  • To discuss current and future treatment strategies for these injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of common structural lesions in the shoulder girdle of gymnasts.
  • Identification of affected anatomical structures, including the biceps tendon and supraspinatus tendon.
  • Review of conservative and surgical treatment options, including arthroscopic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Lesions commonly affect the biceps tendon anchor, long head of the biceps tendon, and supraspinatus tendon.
  • Pathologies can occur in younger gymnasts, necessitating early intervention.
  • Approximately 30% of gymnasts are prevented from reaching elite levels due to shoulder issues.

Conclusions:

  • Early conservative treatment and timely arthroscopic surgery are vital for successful outcomes.
  • Modern arthroscopic techniques offer viable solutions for structural shoulder lesions.
  • The development of effective prevention programs is essential to mitigate the impact of shoulder injuries on gymnasts' careers.