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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Non-coding RNA interact to regulate neuronal development and function.

Bharat R Iyengar1, Ashwani Choudhary2, Mayuresh A Sarangdhar2

  • 1CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division Pune, India ; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai, India.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|March 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Non-protein coding RNAs, including microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and long-non-coding RNAs, are crucial for brain development and function. These molecules regulate neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and may play roles in neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
gene expression regulationlncRNAmiRNAnetwork-motifspiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The human brain's complexity and cognitive abilities evolved without significant gene expansion, highlighting the importance of gene regulation.
  • Non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) operate at transcriptional and translational levels, influencing nervous system development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in neurogenesis and nervous system function.
  • To explore their involvement in synaptic plasticity and potential roles in neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ncRNAs in the brain.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms including gene expression, epigenetic changes, and interactions between different ncRNA classes.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs are key regulators of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, neural stem cell proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, with dysregulation linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • piRNAs, newly found in the brain, may regulate transposons and impart epigenetic changes via DNA methylation, potentially influencing early development.
  • lncRNAs are expressed in the brain, with some known roles in development, while many await functional characterization, including potential interactions with miRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs, particularly miRNAs, piRNAs, and lncRNAs, are critical regulators of brain development, function, and disease.
  • Further research into the precise mechanisms and interactions of these ncRNAs is essential for understanding brain complexity and developing therapeutic strategies.