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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

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Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Cyclic phosphonium ionic liquids.

Sharon I Lall-Ramnarine1, Joshua A Mukhlall2, James F Wishart3

  • 1Chemistry Department, Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, NY, 11364, USA, , Tel: +1 718-281-5572.

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
|March 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel cyclic phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) with unique pendant groups were synthesized and characterized. These phosphonium ILs show slightly lower conductivity and self-diffusion than their cyclic ammonium counterparts.

Keywords:
cyclic phosphoniumionic liquidorganophosphorusphosphinaniumphospholaniumphosphonium

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile materials with tunable properties.
  • Cyclic cations offer unique structural and performance characteristics in ILs.
  • Phosphonium-based ILs represent an emerging class of ionic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel cyclic phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ionic liquids.
  • To investigate the influence of aliphatic and aromatic pendant groups on IL properties.
  • To compare the properties of these new phosphonium ILs with their cyclic ammonium analogs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of four new cyclic phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ionic liquids.
  • Characterization using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques.
  • Measurement of conductivity and self-diffusion coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of four novel cyclic phosphonium ILs.
  • Demonstrated influence of pendant groups on IL properties.
  • Phosphonium ILs exhibited slightly lower conductivity and self-diffusion coefficients compared to ammonium congeners.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic phosphonium cations can be incorporated into ionic liquids with tunable properties.
  • The synthesized phosphonium ILs offer a new class of materials for potential applications.
  • Further research can explore optimizing phosphonium ILs for specific electrochemical applications.