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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Unilateral cleft lip repair.

Raj M Vyas1, Stephen M Warren1

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery
|March 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Modern cleft lip and nose repair demands a deep understanding of 4D anatomy. Consistent anthropometry is crucial for assessing outcomes and refining surgical techniques for better patient results.

Keywords:
CheiloplastyCleft alveolusCleft lipCleft nasal deformityGingivoperiosteoplastyNasoalveolar moldingPresurgical infant orthopedicsPrimary cleft nasal surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Modern cleft surgery necessitates a comprehensive, functional, and four-dimensional (4D) understanding of the craniofacial anatomy involved in cleft lip, nose, and alveolus.
  • Existing nasolabial repair techniques vary, with some prioritizing precise geometric principles and others offering greater design flexibility for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of a detailed anatomic understanding in modern cleft surgery.
  • To emphasize the role of consistent anthropometry in evaluating surgical outcomes and guiding clinical practice.
  • To address the need for standardized reporting to resolve ongoing controversies in cleft repair.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current nasolabial repair techniques.
  • Discussion of the significance of anthropometric measurements in cleft surgery.
  • Analysis of the requirements for accurate long-term outcome assessment.

Main Results:

  • Nasolabial repair techniques differ in their reliance on precise anatomic geometry versus design flexibility.
  • Consistent anthropometry is essential for accurate assessment and reporting of long-term outcomes in cleft repair.
  • Standardized outcome reporting is needed to inform perioperative care and optimize repair principles.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough 4D and functional anatomic understanding is fundamental for successful cleft surgery.
  • Consistent anthropometric data collection and reporting are vital for advancing the field of cleft repair.
  • Further research and standardized reporting are necessary to refine surgical principles and address existing controversies in cleft care.