Determination of triazine herbicides in vegetables by ionic liquid foam floatation solid phase extraction high...

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Chemistry
• Food Safety

Background:

• Triazine herbicides are widely used in agriculture.
• Their presence in food samples necessitates sensitive detection methods.
• Existing extraction techniques may have limitations in efficiency and sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop and optimize an ionic liquid foam floatation solid phase extraction (ILFF-SPE) method.
• To apply the method for the extraction of six specific triazine herbicides from vegetable samples.
• To validate the method's performance for accurate and sensitive herbicide analysis.

Main Methods:

• Ionic liquid foam floatation coupled with solid phase extraction (ILFF-SPE).
• Optimization of experimental parameters including pH, ionic liquid type/concentration, gas flow rate, and elution solvent.
• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analyte determination.

Main Results:

• Optimized ILFF-SPE method demonstrated satisfactory linearity for all six triazine herbicides.
• Achieved low limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 1.36 to 2.76 μg kg⁻¹.
• Reported high recoveries (78.64%–104.37%) and low relative standard deviations (1.44%–6.45%).

Conclusions:

• The developed ILFF-SPE method is effective for extracting triazine herbicides from vegetable matrices.
• The method offers high sensitivity and accuracy, suitable for real-world sample analysis.
• This technique provides a valuable tool for monitoring herbicide residues in food safety applications.