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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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Interindividual variation in human T regulatory cells.

Alessandra Ferraro1, Anna Morena D'Alise, Towfique Raj

  • 1Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cell variability impacts immune self-tolerance. This study reveals Treg-specific gene regulation and subtle expression changes in type-1 diabetes patients, highlighting their role in immune homeostasis.

Keywords:
immunoregulationsuppression

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune self-tolerance and homeostasis.
  • Dysfunctional Treg cells are implicated in human autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding Treg cell variability is key to deciphering their role in health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze population-level variability in Treg cells.
  • To investigate the relationship between Treg cell gene expression, genetic variation, and immune screening.
  • To explore Treg cell function in healthy individuals and patients with type-1 diabetes (T1D) and type-2 diabetes (T2D).

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide expression profiling of CD4(+) Treg and conventional CD4(+) T (Tconv) cells from 168 donors.
  • Network analysis of Treg signature genes.
  • Dense genotyping to identify local genetic variants (cis-expression quantitative trait loci).

Main Results:

  • Significant variability observed in Treg signature transcripts, particularly for effector function genes.
  • Identification of Treg-specific gene coregulation distinct from Tconv cells.
  • Discovery of cis-expression quantitative trait loci specifically active in Treg cells.
  • Treg signature sharpened with age and body-mass index.
  • Subtle perturbation of Treg signature expression in T1D patients, but not T2D patients.

Conclusions:

  • Treg cell variability is extensive and influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Distinct regulatory circuits exist between Treg and Tconv cells.
  • Treg cell function appears tuned by age and chronic inflammation.
  • Treg cell expression is subtly altered in T1D, suggesting a potential role in the disease pathogenesis.