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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Fabrication of Dissolvable Microneedle Patches Loaded with α-Lactalbumin Nanomicelles for Transdermal Capsaicin Delivery and Adipose Tissue Reduction
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Fabrication of Dissolvable Microneedle Patches Loaded with α-Lactalbumin Nanomicelles for Transdermal Capsaicin Delivery and Adipose Tissue Reduction

Published on: December 30, 2025

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The use of nanoencapsulation to decrease human skin irritation caused by capsaicinoids.

Renata V Contri1, Luiza A Frank2, Moacir Kaiser1

  • 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|March 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoencapsulation significantly reduces skin irritation caused by capsaicinoids, offering a more tolerable topical analgesic for chronic pain management. This innovative approach enhances patient comfort without compromising therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
capsaicinoidschitosannanocapsulesskin irritationskin permeation

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Capsaicinoids are effective topical analgesics for chronic pain.
  • Skin irritation is a common limitation of capsaicinoid formulations.
  • Nanoencapsulation offers a potential solution to mitigate capsaicinoid-induced irritation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of nanoencapsulation on skin irritation caused by capsaicinoids.
  • To assess the skin tolerance of a novel chitosan hydrogel vehicle containing nanocapsules.
  • To compare the irritation potential of nanoencapsulated capsaicinoids with free capsaicinoids and a commercial product.

Main Methods:

  • Human volunteers applied various capsaicinoid formulations (nanoencapsulated, free, commercial) to the skin.
  • Skin irritation was assessed using an erythema probe and a visual scale.
  • An in vitro study evaluated capsaicinoid permeation through human epidermal membranes.

Main Results:

  • Nanoencapsulated capsaicinoids in chitosan hydrogel (CH-NC-CP) showed no significant skin irritation compared to free capsaicinoids (CH-ET-CP) and a commercial product.
  • Only 31% of volunteers reported slight irritation with CH-NC-CP, versus moderate to severe irritation with other formulations.
  • The novel vehicle (chitosan hydrogel with nonloaded nanocapsules, CH-NC) also demonstrated excellent skin tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoencapsulation effectively reduces capsaicinoid-induced skin irritation, improving topical analgesic tolerability.
  • The novel chitosan hydrogel vehicle is well-tolerated and suitable for delivering nanoencapsulated capsaicinoids.
  • Nanoencapsulation reduces but does not eliminate capsaicinoid skin permeation, maintaining therapeutic potential.