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Separating responses based on demand characteristics and phenomenological-spatial associations.

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    Auditory tone frequency influences spatial perception. Higher frequencies are perceived as higher, farther right, and farther away, but this effect primarily biases vertical movement perception.

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    Area of Science:

    • Auditory perception
    • Spatial cognition
    • Human psychophysics

    Background:

    • Previous research links higher sound frequencies to higher spatial locations and lower frequencies to lower locations.
    • This phenomenological-spatial association suggests frequency may influence movement across multiple axes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether auditory tone frequency biases perceived location across vertical, horizontal, and depth dimensions.
    • To determine if this spatial association persists in unconstrained two- and three-dimensional environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Four experiments presented nine frequencies (250–1,250 Hz) binaurally to blindfolded participants.
    • Participants indicated perceived stimulus location on scales or in 2D/3D space.
    • An optoelectronic device recorded all spatial responses.

    Main Results:

    • A spatial association was found in all dimensions when responses were unidimensional.
    • Higher frequencies were perceived higher, farther right, and farther away.
    • This association was only significant in the vertical dimension for unconstrained 2D and 3D responses.

    Conclusions:

    • The phenomenological-spatial association between auditory frequency and perceived location is robust.
    • This association appears to primarily bias vertical actions in unconstrained spatial tasks.