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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Data Collection by Survey01:07

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The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
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Methods to Assess Microbial Populations01:30

Methods to Assess Microbial Populations

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Assessing microbial populations is crucial for understanding microbial roles in health, ecology, and industry. Various complementary techniques—both culture-based and molecular—enable detailed analysis of microbial abundance, diversity, and function.Viable Plate CountThe viable plate count is a traditional culture-based method used to estimate the number of living microbes in a sample. After serial dilution, the sample is spread onto nutrient agar plates. Each viable cell forms a...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Methods to Assess Microbial Communities01:19

Methods to Assess Microbial Communities

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Microbial communities, comprising bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms, inhabit diverse ecosystems and play crucial roles in environmental and biological processes. Their diversity is defined by three main parameters: species richness (the number of distinct species), species abundance (the relative quantity of each species), and species evenness (how uniformly individual species are distributed in various locations). These factors together shape the structure and ecological balance...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data
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How should social mixing be measured: comparing web-based survey and sensor-based methods.

Timo Smieszek1, Victoria C Barclay, Indulaxmi Seeni

  • 1Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. timo.smieszek@phe.gov.uk.

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Summary

Contact surveys and wireless sensors yield different contact network data. These methods are not interchangeable for infectious disease modeling due to significant discrepancies in recorded interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Network Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Traditionally, contact surveys and diaries measure social networks for disease transmission studies.
  • Wireless sensor devices offer high-resolution contact pattern recording, a newer technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare online contact surveys and wireless sensor devices for collecting contact data.
  • To assess the congruence and differences between these two contact tracing methods.

Main Methods:

  • A United States high school participated, with members wearing wireless sensors and completing an online contact survey for one day.
  • Network densities, nodal degrees, and degree distributions were compared between the two data collection methods.

Main Results:

  • Limited congruence was found between survey and sensor data, with negligible correlation in nodal degree.
  • Survey underreporting, especially for shorter contacts, significantly impacted data accuracy.
  • Female participants reported more accurately than males, and longer contacts were reported more reliably.

Conclusions:

  • Online surveys and wireless sensors collect incongruent contact network data.
  • These methods are not interchangeable for informing infectious disease transmission models.