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    Area of Science:

    • Radiological sciences
    • Pediatric imaging
    • Radiation protection

    Background:

    • Red marrow, crucial for hematopoiesis, is abundant in children's long bones.
    • Collimation in radiography reduces radiation dose but does not eliminate exposure outside the primary beam.
    • Adjacent radiosensitive tissues, like bone marrow, can receive significant radiation dose from scatter and off-focus radiation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine optimal shield placement for adjacent bone marrow during pediatric knee imaging.
    • To evaluate shield placement strategies for maximizing radiation dose reduction outside the collimated field.

    Main Methods:

    • Radiation exposure was quantified using an ion chamber and cassette with a knee phantom.
    • Measurements were taken at two locations relative to the collimated field: anterior and posterior surfaces.
    • Exposure sources outside collimation, including leakage, off-focus, scatter, and remnant primary radiation, were considered.

    Main Results:

    • Shielding placed on the anterior surface (facing the primary beam) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in radiation exposure outside the collimated field.
    • This anterior shielding placement proved more effective than posterior placement in reducing extraneous radiation.

    Conclusions:

    • Collimation alone is insufficient to eliminate all radiation exposure outside the intended field of view.
    • Shielding is essential in conjunction with collimation for comprehensive radiation dose reduction in pediatric imaging.
    • Placing shielding on the patient's surface directly facing the primary X-ray beam is the most effective strategy for minimizing radiation exposure to adjacent bone marrow.