Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

76
In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the...
76
Bioreactor Controls-I01:28

Bioreactor Controls-I

94
Maintaining optimal conditions within fermenters is essential for maximizing microbial productivity and ensuring process efficiency. This lesson focuses on key parameters—temperature, foam, pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pressure—and their precise measurement and control strategies in fermentation systems.Temperature ControlTemperature regulation is critical due to the exothermic nature of many fermentation processes. In small laboratory fermenters, temperature is commonly...
94
Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

Bioreactor Design and Operational System

200
Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
200
Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

800
Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
800
Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

2.0K
Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
2.0K
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

1.1K
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enriching Bacteria-Specific RNA From Host Samples Before NGS With Transcript-Capture.

Bio-protocol·2026
Same author

Transcript-Capture sequencing enriches mRNA of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> from host samples.

NAR molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Transcript-Capture sequencing enriches mRNA of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> from host samples.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Design considerations for a Digital Twin built to improve nitrification performance at a water resource recovery facility.

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·2025
Same author

Netupitant Exhibits Potent Activity on <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Persisters.

ACS infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Candidate transmission survival genome of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities
08:13

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

Published on: December 25, 2015

16.8K

Ammonia-based feedforward and feedback aeration control in activated sludge processes.

Leiv Rieger, Richard M Jones, Peter L Dold

    Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation
    |March 13, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ammonia control in wastewater treatment reduces aeration costs and effluent ammonia peaks. While feedback control is often sufficient, feedforward control can manage unusual influent disturbances effectively.

    More Related Videos

    Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation
    11:31

    Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation

    Published on: July 13, 2012

    33.8K
    Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste
    08:14

    Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste

    Published on: July 18, 2025

    1.7K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 2, 2026

    A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities
    08:13

    A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

    Published on: December 25, 2015

    16.8K
    Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation
    11:31

    Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation

    Published on: July 13, 2012

    33.8K
    Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste
    08:14

    Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste

    Published on: July 18, 2025

    1.7K

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Engineering
    • Water Treatment Technologies
    • Process Control

    Background:

    • Aeration control in wastewater treatment plants often uses ammonia as the controlled variable to reduce costs or effluent ammonia peaks.
    • Aeration limitation offers energy savings, reduced carbon addition, and improved denitrification and biological phosphorus removal.
    • Current feedback control methods maintain effluent ammonia levels to ensure complete nitrification.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the fundamentals of ammonia-based aeration control, with a focus on feedforward control concepts.
    • To review different ammonia-based control approaches through a case study.
    • To assess the effectiveness of feedback and feedforward control for aeration cost reduction and effluent ammonia peak management.

    Main Methods:

    • Evaluation of fundamental ammonia control principles.
    • Analysis of feedback control strategies for maintaining effluent ammonia targets.
    • Investigation of feedforward control based on influent ammonia load monitoring.
    • Case study discussion of various ammonia-based control approaches.

    Main Results:

    • Feedback control generally meets objectives for both aeration limitation and effluent ammonia peak containment.
    • Feedforward control can be beneficial for managing unusual influent disturbances, particularly in swing zone aeration.
    • Aeration limitation strategies have demonstrated significant energy savings and potential improvements in treatment performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Ammonia-based aeration control is a viable strategy for optimizing wastewater treatment plant operations.
    • Feedback control is effective for routine operations, while feedforward control offers advantages during dynamic load conditions.
    • Implementing advanced control strategies can lead to cost savings and enhanced effluent quality.