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Decolorization and degradation mechanism of Amaranth by Polyporus sp. S133
Tony Hadibarata1, Nurafifah Mohd Nor
1Institute of Environmental and Water Resource Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, hadibarata@utm.my.
Abstract:
Polyporus sp. S133 decolorized the Amaranth in 72 h (30 mg L(-1)) under static and shaking conditions. Liquid medium containing glucose has shown the highest decolorization of Amaranth by Polyporus sp. S133. When the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of Amaranth was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15 % inoculum concentration. Significant increase in the enzyme production of laccase (102.2 U L(-1)) was observed over the period of Amaranth decolorization compared to lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. Germination rate of Sorghum vulgare and Triticum aestivum was less with Amaranth treatment as compared to metabolites obtained after its decolorization. Based on the metabolites detected by GC-MS, it was proposed that Amaranth was bio-transformed into two intermediates, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 1,4-naphthaquinone. Overall findings suggested the ability of Polyporus sp. S133 for the decolorization of azo dye and ensured the ecofriendly degradation of Amaranth.
Insights
Polyporus sp. S133 effectively decolorized the azo dye Amaranth within 72 hours. This fungal strain offers an eco-friendly method for degrading Amaranth, transforming it into less harmful byproducts.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Environmental Biotechnology
- Dye Degradation
Background:
- Azo dyes, like Amaranth, pose environmental challenges due to their persistence and potential toxicity.
- Bioremediation using fungal enzymes offers a sustainable alternative to conventional dye treatment methods.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the efficacy of Polyporus sp. S133 in decolorizing the azo dye Amaranth.
- To identify the key enzymes involved and the degradation metabolites.
- To assess the ecotoxicity of the dye and its degradation products.
Main Methods:
- Cultivation of Polyporus sp. S133 in liquid medium with Amaranth.
- Optimization of decolorization conditions (medium, inoculum concentration).
- Enzyme activity assays (laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase).
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for metabolite identification.
- Seed germination assays for ecotoxicity assessment.
Main Results:
- Polyporus sp. S133 achieved 100% Amaranth decolorization within 72 hours at 30 mg L(-1).
- Optimal decolorization occurred in a glucose-containing liquid medium with a 15% inoculum concentration.
- Laccase production significantly increased during decolorization, reaching 102.2 U L(-1).
- Degradation products were identified as 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 1,4-naphthaquinone.
- Degradation metabolites showed lower phytotoxicity to Sorghum vulgare and Triticum aestivum than the parent dye.
Conclusions:
- Polyporus sp. S133 demonstrates significant potential for the bioremediation of Amaranth azo dye.
- Laccase is a key enzyme in the decolorization process.
- The bio-transformation pathway yields less toxic intermediates, indicating an eco-friendly degradation process.
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