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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Urinary thyroid hormone parameters test for evaluating the thyroid function during pregnancy.

Jia Cai1, Xuhong Zhao, Ting Lei

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.

Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine
|March 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Monitoring maternal thyroid function during pregnancy can be simplified. Urine thyroid hormone levels, specifically free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) ratios, correlate with serum levels, offering a less invasive alternative.

Keywords:
Free thyroxinefree triiodothyroninepregnancythyrotropinurine

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Regular monitoring of thyroid function is crucial during pregnancy.
  • Current methods involving serum thyroid hormone testing are invasive and uncomfortable for pregnant individuals.
  • Urine-based testing presents a potential non-invasive alternative for thyroid status assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the correlation between serum and urine thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women.
  • To investigate the variations in these hormone levels throughout different stages of gestation.
  • To evaluate the feasibility of using urine samples as a convenient and secure method for monitoring maternal thyroid function.

Main Methods:

  • Collected serum and random urine specimens from 30 healthy pregnant women across four gestational stages (9-12, 14-17, 23-26, and 37-40 weeks).
  • Measured serum levels of free triiodothyronine (sFT3), free thyroxine (sFT4), and thyrotropin (sTSH).
  • Analyzed urine levels of FT3 (uFT3), FT4 (uFT4), and TSH (uTSH) in relation to urine retinol binding protein (uRBP).

Main Results:

  • Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in median serum and urine thyroid hormone levels across gestational stages.
  • Positive correlations were found between serum FT3 (sFT3) and urine FT3/uRBP (r = 0.38), and between serum FT4 (sFT4) and urine FT4/uRBP (r = 0.29).
  • No significant correlation was observed between serum TSH (sTSH) and urine TSH/uRBP (r = 0.11).

Conclusions:

  • Maternal serum and urine levels of FT3 and FT4, and their respective urine ratios with uRBP, decreased until approximately 27 weeks of gestation, then remained relatively stable.
  • Urine FT3/uRBP and FT4/uRBP ratios show a good correlation with serum FT3 and FT4 levels during pregnancy.
  • Urine thyroid hormone measurements may offer a practical and safe alternative for monitoring thyroid function in pregnant individuals.