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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice
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Born too soon: preterm birth matters.

Christopher P Howson, Mary V Kinney, Lori McDougall

    Reproductive Health
    |March 15, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Urgent action is needed to address the 15 million annual preterm births globally. Increased policy attention and investment are crucial for preventing preterm birth and improving care, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

    Area of Science:

    • Global Health
    • Maternal and Child Health
    • Public Policy

    Background:

    • Globally, 15 million babies are born preterm annually, with increasing rates in many regions.
    • Preterm birth impacts child survival (MDG 4) and maternal health (MDG 5), with long-term disability risks.
    • Despite recognition in high-income countries, preterm birth remains under-addressed in low- and middle-income settings due to myths and lack of awareness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the global policy context surrounding preterm birth.
    • To highlight the need for increased attention and investment in preterm birth prevention and care.
    • To underscore the link between preterm birth, child survival, and maternal health initiatives.

    Main Methods:

    • Policy analysis of the global landscape of preterm birth.

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  • Review of existing data and reports on preterm birth prevalence and trends.
  • Examination of interventions across the reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health continuum.

    • Main Results:

    • Preterm birth is a critical factor for achieving child survival goals and enhancing maternal health investments.
    • Global attention to preterm birth reached a tipping point in 2012 with major reports and awareness campaigns.
    • Effective interventions require a comprehensive approach spanning prevention and care, integrated within broader health systems.

    Conclusions:

    • More research, policy attention, and programmatic investment are essential for preterm birth prevention and care.
    • Addressing preterm birth requires overcoming myths and misconceptions, particularly in resource-limited settings.
    • Strengthening interventions across the continuum of care is vital for improving outcomes for premature infants and mothers.