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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Olfactory dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson's disease.

Atsushi Takeda1, Toru Baba2, Akio Kikuchi3

  • 1Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai-Nishitgaga Hospital, Kagitori-honcho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Japan.

Journal of Parkinson'S Disease
|March 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Severe hyposmia (impaired smell) strongly predicts dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This olfactory dysfunction is linked to brain changes and increased dementia risk within three years.

Keywords:
HyposmiaMRIOSIT-JPETParkinson's disease with dementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Dementia is a significant complication of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • Predicting dementia development in early PD stages remains challenging.
  • Hyposmia (impaired sense of smell) is a common non-motor symptom in PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive value of hyposmia for dementia in Parkinson's disease.
  • To identify early clinical markers for Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD).

Main Methods:

  • Multivariate logistic analysis to identify risk factors for dementia.
  • Assessment of olfactory function using the odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J).
  • Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyze brain structure and metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Severe hyposmia was identified as an independent risk factor for dementia within 3 years.
  • Patients with severe hyposmia showed an 18.7-fold increased risk of dementia.
  • Hyposmia correlated with specific patterns of cerebral metabolic decline and atrophy in limbic structures like the amygdala.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is closely associated with cognitive decline in PD.
  • Severe hyposmia is a prominent clinical predictor of subsequent dementia in Parkinson's disease.
  • A clinical trial using donepezil for PD patients with severe hyposmia is underway to explore therapeutic interventions.