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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

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Updated: May 2, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

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Cross-coupling hydrogen evolution reaction in homogeneous solution without noble metals.

Jian-Ji Zhong¹, Qing-Yuan Meng, Bin Liu

¹Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing,100190, P. R. China.

Organic Letters

|March 18, 2014

Summary

A new, cost-effective catalyst system enables cross-coupling hydrogen evolution reactions. This noble-metal-free approach uses eosin Y and a cobalt complex for efficient synthesis of valuable compounds without oxidants.

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Organic Synthesis
Green Chemistry

Background:

Noble metal catalysts are traditionally used in cross-coupling reactions.
Developing sustainable and cost-effective alternatives is crucial for green chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a highly efficient, noble-metal-free homogeneous system for cross-coupling hydrogen evolution (CCHE) reactions.
To utilize earth-abundant and inexpensive materials for catalytic applications.

Main Methods:

Employed eosin Y as a photosensitizer and Co(dmgH)2Cl2 as a molecular catalyst.
Conducted cross-coupling reactions with various isoquinoline and indole substrates.
Investigated the reaction mechanism to understand catalytic pathways.

Main Results:

Achieved good to excellent yields for CCHE reactions using the developed system.
Demonstrated the efficacy of the catalyst system without the need for sacrificial oxidants.
Gained mechanistic insights into the effective, clean, and economic CCHE process.

Conclusions:

The developed noble-metal-free homogeneous system is highly efficient for CCHE reactions.
The use of eosin Y and Co(dmgH)2Cl2 offers a sustainable and economical alternative for synthesizing valuable compounds.
Mechanistic understanding supports the practical application of this green catalytic approach.