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Related Concept Videos

Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

15.7K
Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.5K
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

12.0K
The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: July 19, 2021

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Insight into Tor2, a budding yeast microdomain protein.

Katelyn Bartlett1, Kyoungtae Kim1

  • 1Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.

European Journal of Cell Biology
|March 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The Tor2 kinase and its complex (TORC2) regulate key yeast cell functions like growth and actin polymerization. Further research is needed to fully understand Tor2 signaling networks.

Keywords:
Membrane organizationMicrodomainsTORC2Tor2

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic plasma membranes are organized into distinct microdomains.
  • Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits three microdomains: MCC, MCP, and MCT.
  • The Tor2 kinase and its complex, TORC2, are crucial regulators of cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the function and significance of Tor2.
  • To explore the implications and potential explanations for observed Tor2 phenomena.
  • To highlight the incomplete understanding of Tor2 signaling networks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of compelling evidence.
  • Analysis of Tor2's role in cellular functions.
  • Discussion of physiological significance and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Tor2 is a highly conserved kinase and the main organizer of TORC2.
  • Tor2 regulates cell growth, actin polymerization, endocytosis, and sphingolipid synthesis.
  • Significant advancements have been made, but Tor2 signaling remains incompletely understood.

Conclusions:

  • Tor2 plays a vital role in multiple cellular functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Further investigation into Tor2 signaling networks is warranted.
  • Understanding Tor2's physiological significance is key to advancing cell biology research.