Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

7.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
7.0K
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.1K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.1K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.8K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
5.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS, Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins).

Orphanet journal of rare diseases·2026
Same author

Recommendations for prevention of iodine deficiency during pregnancy and breastfeeding in France.

Annales d'endocrinologie·2026
Same author

APPROACH TO THE PATIENT: Genetics and Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Rare Causes of Pediatric Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Observational Cohort Study.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·2026
Same author

Genomic newborn screening as a paradigm shift in rare disease management, with emphasis on endocrine conditions.

Annales d'endocrinologie·2026
Same author

Letter to the editor from Miller et al: "long-acting growth hormone for treating growth hormone deficiency in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials focusing on changes in body mass index".

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same journal

Control of muscle mass and accretion.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: From molecular genetics to precision therapy.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Nutritional advice for patients with obesity and prediabetes.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Effects of prolonged physical training on skeletal muscle mass accrual throughout the life span.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Type 2 diabetes and obesity in South Asian patients with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: The emerging role of metabolomics.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Stress and the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with other pituitary axes and its consequences on muscle mass.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

11.4K

Fetal thyroïdology.

Michel Polak1, Dominique Luton2

  • 1Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM U845, IMAGINE affiliate, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|March 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal thyroid disorders can now be identified and treated before birth using prenatal techniques. In utero treatments, either maternal or direct fetal drug administration, show promise for managing these conditions.

Keywords:
fetal diseasesgoitergraves diseasehumanshyperthyroidismhypothyroidismmaternal–fetal exchangepregnancythyroid diseases: drug therapythyroxine: administration and dosage

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.3K
A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn
11:27

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

11.4K
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.3K
A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn
11:27

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Prenatal imaging and fetal hormonology advancements enable early detection of fetal thyroid dysfunction.
  • In utero treatment strategies for fetal thyroid disorders are emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the feasibility and methods of in utero treatment for fetal thyroid disorders.
  • To discuss management of fetal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on in utero treatment of fetal thyroid disorders.
  • Discussion of indirect (maternal) and direct (fetal) drug administration.
  • Case examples of thyroxine treatment for goitrous hypothyroidism and Graves' disease management.

Main Results:

  • Intra-amniotic thyroxine injections show potential in reducing fetal goiter size in hypothyroidism.
  • Optimizing maternal antithyroid drug dosage is effective for fetal hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease.
  • Limited but positive experience exists for these in utero interventions.

Conclusions:

  • In utero treatment of fetal thyroid disorders is feasible through maternal or direct fetal drug administration.
  • Careful evaluation of risks, such as premature labor and infection, is crucial for direct fetal treatment.
  • Long-term follow-up and specialized multidisciplinary care are essential for successful outcomes.