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Updated: May 2, 2026

Enhancing Efficiency and Radiolabeling Yields of Carbon-11 Radioligands for Clinical Research Using the Loop Method
Published on: December 20, 2024
Ethanolic carbon-11 chemistry: the introduction of green radiochemistry
Xia Shao1, Maria V Fawaz1, Keunsam Jang1
1Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Abstract:
The principles of green chemistry have been applied to a radiochemistry setting. Eleven carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been prepared using ethanol as the only organic solvent throughout the entire manufacturing process. The removal of all other organic solvents from the process simplifies production and quality control (QC) testing, moving our PET Center towards the first example of a green radiochemistry laboratory. All radiopharmaceutical doses prepared are suitable for clinical use.
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