Monsoon and primary acute angle closure in malaysia

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Environmental Health
• Climate Science

Background:

• Acute angle closure (AAC) can lead to irreversible optic neuropathy if not treated promptly.
• Environmental factors, including climate change, may trigger pupillary block, a primary mechanism in AAC.
• Understanding climate-associated risks is crucial for managing AAC incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the association between the northeast monsoon and the incidence of acute angle closure (AAC) in Malaysia.
• To identify specific meteorological factors correlating with AAC admissions.

Main Methods:

• A retrospective study analyzed 73 AAC cases admitted to two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia (2001-2011).
• Meteorological data, including rainfall, cloud cover, humidity, and temperature, were collected from the Malaysian Meteorology Department.
• Statistical analysis correlated meteorological variables with the monthly cumulative number of AAC admissions.

Main Results:

• A higher incidence of AAC was observed during the northeast monsoon season (October to March).
• Significant positive correlations were found between AAC admissions and the number of rainy days (r=0.718), rainfall amount (r=0.587), cloud cover (r=0.637), and humidity (r=0.508).
• Negative correlations were observed with mean daily global radiation (r=-0.596) and temperature (r=-0.298).

Conclusions:

• The increased incidence of AAC during the northeast monsoon suggests climate is a potential risk factor.
• Prompt treatment to manage pupillary block and reduce intraocular pressure is essential to prevent glaucomatous damage.
• Public awareness and accessible treatment are vital for mitigating the impact of monsoon-related AAC.