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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

10.6K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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[Rapid assessment of the complement system reactivity].

B B Shoibonov, V R Khajbulin, V Yu Baronets

    Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia I Eksperimental'Naia Terapiia
    |March 20, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new indicator, complement system reactivity (CSR), assesses humoral immunity by measuring complement activity under saline load. This test identified altered CSR in 70% of patients screened for chronic infections.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Biochemistry

    Context:

    • Humoral immunity is crucial for defense against infections.
    • The complement system is a key component of innate immunity.
    • Assessing complement system reactivity (CSR) can reveal immune dysfunctions.

    Purpose:

    • To develop and validate a novel indicator of humoral immunity based on complement system reactivity (CSR).
    • To evaluate CSR in healthy donors and patients undergoing screening for chronic infections.

    Summary:

    • A hemolytic assay was employed to measure CSR using sheep red blood cells, heterophile antibodies, and a 0.29 M NaCl "load".
    • Normal CSR in healthy donors was defined as 30-70% complement inhibition.
    • In patients, 55% exhibited high CSR (>70% inhibition), 30% normal CSR (30-70% inhibition), and 15% low CSR (<30% inhibition).

    Impact:

    • The developed CSR assay effectively detects functional alterations in complement activity, both increases and decreases.
    • This indicator may aid in diagnosing and monitoring immune status in patients with chronic infections.
    • Findings highlight the utility of the complement system reactivity assay in clinical diagnostics.