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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Extracellular vesicles derived from preosteoblasts influence embryonic stem cell differentiation.

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Extracellular vesicles derived from mature cells can guide embryonic stem cell differentiation. This novel approach shows potential for regenerative medicine by influencing stem cell fate and gene expression without harming cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Extracellular Vesicles

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer promise for regenerative medicine due to their differentiation potential.
  • Efficiently directing ESC differentiation remains a challenge for clinical applications.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being explored as natural delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of naturally derived extracellular vesicles to deliver genetic material to ESCs.
  • To manipulate stem cell fate and direct differentiation using EVs.
  • To assess the impact of EVs on ESC gene expression and differentiation pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of extracellular vesicles from preosteoblast cells.
  • Characterization of vesicle size (∼170 nm) and surface marker (CD40).
  • Confocal microscopy to visualize vesicle-ESC interactions and assessment of cell viability.
  • Analysis of ESC gene expression changes and microRNA (miRNA) profiling of vesicles and source cells.

Main Results:

  • EVs interacted with ESCs without affecting cell viability.
  • EV incubation led to significant changes in ESC gene expression, maintaining pluripotency and promoting neurectoderm differentiation.
  • A subset of miRNAs (∼20%) was found at higher levels in EVs compared to preosteoblast cells.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles represent a novel method for directing stem cell differentiation.
  • EVs can carry genetic material (miRNAs) that influences ESC fate.
  • Further research into controlled EV delivery could enhance their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.