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Sonochemically processed cationic nanocapsules: efficient antimicrobials with membrane disturbing capacity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a significant global health threat.
  • Targeting bacterial membranes is a key strategy to combat infections and prevent resistance.
  • Biopolymer derivatives offer potential for developing novel antimicrobial agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate nanostructured biopolymer derivatives (nanocapsules, NCs) for their ability to disrupt bacterial membranes and kill bacteria.
  • To investigate the interaction mechanism of NCs with bacterial membranes.
  • To assess the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of the developed NCs.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical modification of chitosan and cellulose to create cationic derivatives (thiolated chitosan, aminocellulose).
  • Synthesis of nanocapsules (NCs) using a one-step sonochemical process.
  • Evaluation of NCs' interaction with bacterial membrane models (Langmuir monolayers, liposomes) and assessment of dye leakage.
  • Antimicrobial activity testing against Escherichia coli and cytotoxicity testing on human fibroblasts.

Main Results:

  • NCs demonstrated enhanced membrane disruption compared to non-processed derivatives, increasing monolayer fluidity and inducing significant dye leakage from liposomes.
  • Membrane disturbance was directly proportional to the NCs' cationic charge.
  • NCs interacted with membranes via a 'detergent model', causing greater disruption than the 'carpet model' observed for derivatives.
  • Disruption efficacy correlated with potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, with no observed toxicity to human fibroblasts.

Conclusions:

  • Nanostructured biopolymer derivatives (NCs) are effective in disrupting bacterial membranes and killing E. coli.
  • The 'detergent model' mechanism of NCs contributes to their potent antimicrobial activity.
  • These findings highlight the potential of NCs as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy against bacterial infections.