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Related Concept Videos

Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Human papillomavirus genomics: past, present and future.

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Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are linked to various cancers. Understanding HPV genomics and evolution is crucial for developing effective screening and prevention strategies against these oncogenic DNA viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse group of DNA viruses.
  • A subset of HPV types are highly oncogenic, causing cervical, anogenital, and oral cancers.
  • Over 150 HPV types are known, classified by genomic comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of Human Papillomavirus genomics.
  • To highlight major discoveries and advances in understanding HPV evolution and pathogenicity.
  • To contextualize molecular epidemiology studies in linking HPV natural history to carcinogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis and nucleotide phylogenies to classify HPV types.
  • Comparison of viral genomes to establish species groups and variant lineages.
  • Review of historical data and scientific literature on HPV genomics.

Main Results:

  • Oncogenic HPV types are primarily found in the Alphapapillomavirus genus.
  • Species groups (e.g., alpha-9, alpha-7) contain the majority of oncogenic HPV types.
  • Nucleotide variations define HPV variant lineages, shaped by evolutionary processes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HPV genomic diversity and evolution is key to identifying pathogenic types.
  • Molecular epidemiology is essential for clinical applications like cancer screening.
  • Historical genomic research provides a foundation for current HPV-related cancer research.