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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
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Pain control in horses: what do we really know?

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  • 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

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Summary

Effective equine pain management involves recognizing subtle and overt signs of discomfort. Commonly used analgesics include NSAIDs, opioids, and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, with multimodal therapies gaining traction for severe pain.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Equine Pain Management
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Equine pain assessment relies on both obvious and subtle behavioral cues.
  • Commonly employed analgesics include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists.
  • Multimodal therapeutic strategies are increasingly utilized for managing severe pain in hospitalized horses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current scientific and artistic approaches to pain control in horses.
  • To discuss commonly used analgesic drug classes and emerging therapies.
  • To outline optimal pain management strategies considering severity, chronicity, and specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on equine pain recognition and pharmacologic interventions.
  • Categorization of analgesic drug classes and their applications.
  • Discussion of multimodal therapy, neuropathic pain agents, and specialized delivery methods.

Main Results:

  • Overt pain signs (e.g., rolling, lameness) and subtle signs (e.g., facial expression changes) are key indicators.
  • NSAIDs, opioids, and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists are primary therapeutic options.
  • Lidocaine, ketamine, butorphanol infusions, and gabapentin represent advanced or targeted treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive pain management in horses requires a nuanced understanding of pain behaviors and pharmacologic options.
  • Tailoring analgesic strategies to pain severity, duration, and patient factors (e.g., foals) is crucial.
  • Mitigating adverse effects of analgesics is an important consideration in treatment planning.