Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

3.8K
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
3.8K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

3.4K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
3.4K
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

7.5K
Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
7.5K
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

4.7K
Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
4.7K
Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle

15.9K
The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
Diastole: The Relaxation Phase
During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
15.9K
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

6.7K
Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
6.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hypoventilation training including maximal end-expiratory breath holding improves the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts in elite judo athletes.

Frontiers in physiology·2024
Same author

Tezepelumab decreases airway epithelial IL-33 and T2-inflammation in response to viral stimulation in patients with asthma.

Allergy·2023
Same author

Early effects of acetazolamide on hemoglobin mass and plasma volume in chronic mountain sickness at 5100 m.

Pulmonology·2023
Same author

Hip kinematics and kinetics in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome before and 1 year after hip arthroscopic surgery. Results from the HAFAI cohort.

Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery·2021
Same author

Real-Time Signal Processing in Speech Recognition and Its Potential Use within The Development of Hearing Aids.

Acta oto-laryngologica·2020
Same author

Epiphysiolysis Type Salter I of the Medial Clavicle with Posterior Displacement: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Case reports in orthopedics·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

12.5K

Cardiac output during exercise: a comparison of four methods.

C Siebenmann1, P Rasmussen, H Sørensen

  • 1Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|March 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac output (Q) measurements during exercise vary significantly by method. The modified Fick method, Physioflow, and Nexfin show similar Q/VO2 slopes, unlike Innocor, highlighting method dependency.

Keywords:
Inert gas rebreathinghypoxiaimpedance cardiographymaximal oxygen uptakepulse contour analysis

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP
06:10

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP

Published on: June 28, 2024

1.3K
Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption
12:43

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Published on: August 16, 2016

20.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

12.5K
Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP
06:10

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP

Published on: June 28, 2024

1.3K
Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption
12:43

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Published on: August 16, 2016

20.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of cardiac output (Q) during exercise is crucial for understanding cardiovascular function.
  • Multiple non-invasive and invasive techniques exist for measuring Q, but their comparative validity during dynamic exercise remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simultaneously quantify cardiac output (Q) using four distinct methods during incremental cycling exercise.
  • To compare the Q/oxygen uptake (VO2) relationship across different measurement techniques under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous measurement of Q using the modified Fick method (Q(Fick-M)), Innocor (inert gas rebreathing; Q(Inn)), Physioflow (impedance cardiography; Q(Phys)), and Nexfin (pulse contour analysis; Q(Pulse)).
  • 12 healthy male subjects performed incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion in both normoxia and hypoxia (12% FiO2).
  • Analysis focused on the slope of the Q/VO2 relationship for each method.

Main Results:

  • All methods showed a progressive increase in Q with exercise intensity.
  • Significant differences in the Q/VO2 slope were observed between methods in both normoxia (P=0.001) and hypoxia (P=0.04), with variations up to 50%.
  • Nexfin failed to detect the increased Q/VO2 slope in hypoxia, and Innocor yielded lower values potentially due to gas recirculation.

Conclusions:

  • The determination of cardiac output during exercise is highly dependent on the specific measurement technique employed.
  • Physiological responses, particularly under hypoxic conditions, may be inaccurately represented by certain Q measurement devices.
  • Further research is needed to establish the most reliable methods for assessing cardiac output across diverse exercise scenarios.