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Morphogenesis

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Plant Hormones

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

Published on: September 22, 2023

Hormonal responses during early embryogenesis in maize.

Junyi Chen¹, Andreas Lausser¹, Thomas Dresselhaus¹

¹*Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.

Biochemical Society Transactions

|March 21, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maize embryo development reveals distinct plant hormone roles. Auxin and cytokinin signaling in the endosperm, not the embryo, drive early pattern formation in monocots, unlike in Arabidopsis.

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Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Published on: February 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Plant developmental biology
Molecular plant physiology
Comparative embryogenesis

Background:

Plant hormones, including auxin and cytokinin, regulate embryogenesis in model plants like Arabidopsis thaliana.
Mechanisms governing unique monocot embryo pattern formation remain largely unexplored.
Understanding hormonal roles is crucial for crop improvement and developmental studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate hormonal responses during early maize (Zea mays) embryogenesis.
To compare maize hormonal signaling with that of Arabidopsis thaliana.
To elucidate the roles of auxin, cytokinin, and PIN1a in maize embryo and endosperm development.

Main Methods:

Utilized auxin (DR5) and cytokinin (TCSv2) response markers.
Examined the auxin efflux carrier protein PIN1a (PINFORMED1a) expression.
Analyzed hormonal responses from zygote to transition stage in maize embryos.

Main Results:

Detectable hormone activities appeared later in maize embryos compared to Arabidopsis.
Auxin, PIN1a, and cytokinin play significant roles in early endosperm formation post-fertilization.
Auxin signaling in endosperm cells correlates with adaxial embryo differentiation and outgrowth.

Conclusions:

Maize embryo patterning relies on distinct hormonal mechanisms compared to eudicots.
Endosperm hormone signaling, particularly auxin, is critical for exogenous embryo patterning in monocots.
Comparative analysis highlights unique strategies in monocot embryo development.