Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

47
The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
47
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

22.3K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
22.3K
Infection01:20

Infection

11.6K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
11.6K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.5K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
1.5K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

33.0K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
33.0K
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

25
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
25

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Harmonizing standards and resources for the medical genome.

Nature·2026
Same author

Copy-back RNA synthesis by coronavirus polymerase requires helicase activity and is stimulated by remdesivir and molnupiravir.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Distinct virus-derived circular RNA molecule influences host response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Reference-free discovery with barcoded single-cell sequencing.

Nature biotechnology·2026
Same author

FunctionaL Assigning Sequence Homing (FLASH) maps phenotype to sequence with deep and machine learning.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A Reference-Free Algorithm Discovers Regulation in the Plant Transcriptome.

Plant direct·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi
12:33

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

Published on: July 6, 2016

9.0K

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent.

Shira R Abeles1, Refugio Robles-Sikisaka2, Melissa Ly2

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.

The ISME Journal
|March 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Human oral viruses are abundant and personalized, with some genotypes found across all individuals. These oral viruses persist over time and are sex-specific, highlighting their significant role in the oral ecosystem.

More Related Videos

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

2.4K
Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa
04:46

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Published on: September 3, 2012

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi
12:33

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

Published on: July 6, 2016

9.0K
Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

2.4K
Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa
04:46

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Published on: September 3, 2012

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Virology
  • Human Microbiome

Background:

  • Viruses are the most abundant microbes in the human oral microbiome.
  • Knowledge of oral viral biodiversity and its dynamics remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biodiversity and longitudinal dynamics of DNA viruses in the human oral cavity.
  • To determine if oral viruses are individual-specific and persistent over time.

Main Methods:

  • Saliva samples were collected from eight subjects over 60 days (11 time points per subject).
  • DNA viral genotypes were characterized to assess individual specificity and temporal persistence.

Main Results:

  • A subset of homologous viral genotypes was found across all subjects and time points, suggesting ubiquity.
  • Oral viral genotypes showed significant associations with individual subjects, indicating a personalized microbiome.
  • Many oral viruses persisted throughout the 60-day study, demonstrating stability.
  • Oral viral community membership was associated with subject sex, similar to bacteria and fungi.

Conclusions:

  • Oral viruses are stable, individual-specific, and sex-associated members of the human oral ecosystem.
  • Viruses play a significant role in the human oral microbial landscape.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the complex interplay within the oral microbiome.