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Updated: May 2, 2026
Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: April 20, 2019
Evaluation of mirrored muscle activity in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Paulina J M Bank1, C Lieke E Peper2, Johan Marinus3
1Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Objective:
Motor dysfunction in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) has been associated with bilateral changes in central motor processing, suggesting abnormal coupling between the affected and unaffected limb. We evaluated the occurrence of involuntary muscle activity in a limb during voluntary movements of the contralateral limb (i.e., mirror activity) in unilaterally affected patients to examine disinhibition of contralateral motor activity in CRPS.
Methods:
Mirror activity was examined during unimanual rhythmic flexion-extension movements of the wrist through in-depth analysis of electromyography recordings from the passive arm in 20 CRPS patients and 40 controls.
Results:
The number of mirror-epochs was comparable for both arms in both CRPS patients and controls. Mirror-epochs in the affected arm of patients were comparable to those in controls. Mirror-epochs in the unaffected arm were shorter and showed less resemblance (in terms of rhythm and timing) to activity of the homologous muscle in the moving arm compared to mirror-epochs in controls.
Conclusions:
No evidence for disinhibition of contralateral motor activity was found during unimanual movement.
Significance:
Although motor dysfunction in CRPS has been associated with bilateral changes in cortical motor processing, the present findings argue against disinhibition of interhemispheric projections to homologous muscles in the contralateral limb during unimanual movement.
