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A comparison between bridges and force-chains in photoelastic disk packing
Ling Zhang1, Shuxiao Cai, Zunpeng Hu
1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
Bridges in granular materials do not directly correspond to force-chains. Longer bridges are less likely to be part of the force-chain network, though both indicate packing properties.
Area of Science:
- Physics
- Materials Science
- Granular Mechanics
Background:
- Force-chains are load-bearing structures in dense granular materials.
- Bridges are proposed load-bearing structures in 3D granular packing under gravity.
- The relationship between bridges and force-chains remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the connection between bridges and force-chains in granular materials.
- To compare the structural and load-bearing properties of bridges and force-chains.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing photoelastic disks to visualize force transmission in 3D granular packing.
- Analyzing geometric information to identify bridges.
- Measuring contact forces to determine force-chains.
- Comparing particle stresses within and outside of bridges.
Main Results:
- No direct correspondence was found between bridges and force-chains.
- The probability of a bridge being part of a force-chain decreases exponentially with bridge length.
- Both bridges and force-chains effectively distinguish packing properties associated with strong hysteresis.
- Minor differences were observed in the stresses of particles within and outside of bridges.
Conclusions:
- Bridges are not direct indicators of force-chains in granular materials.
- Bridge length is inversely related to its likelihood of being a force-chain.
- Both concepts provide insights into granular packing behavior, particularly concerning hysteresis.
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