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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Sinusoidal Sources01:18

Sinusoidal Sources

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Direct current (DC) refers to an electric current that flows in a single direction, maintaining a constant polarity. This is in contrast to alternating current (AC), which periodically changes its direction and magnitude. AC forms the backbone of modern electricity transmission and distribution systems due to its efficient long-distance transmission capabilities.
In homes, the power supplies use sinusoidal sources to provide electricity. These sources generate a voltage that varies sinusoidally...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
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A case of bilateral postauricular sinuses.

Hong Jun Kim1, Jae Heon Lee2, Hyun Sang Cho2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Korean Journal of Audiology
|March 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Postauricular sinuses, a rare variant of preauricular sinuses, present unique diagnostic and treatment challenges. Surgical approaches can be tailored, choosing between unidirectional or bidirectional incisions based on sinus tract characteristics.

Keywords:
ExcisionPreauricular sinusVariant

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Congenital Malformations

Background:

  • Preauricular sinuses are common congenital ear anomalies.
  • Typically located anteriorly, they arise from the helix.
  • A rare variant, the postauricular sinus, is located posterior to the tragus.

Observation:

  • Postauricular sinuses are uncommon and may be misdiagnosed.
  • Their posterior location and atypical symptoms can delay diagnosis.
  • Standard treatment involves a single-stage bidirectional skin incision.

Findings:

  • Sinus tract length and invasion depth influence surgical strategy.
  • Unidirectional and bidirectional skin incisions are viable options.
  • Treatment choice depends on the specific characteristics of the postauricular sinus tract.

Implications:

  • Tailoring surgical incisions can optimize postauricular sinus treatment.
  • Understanding this variant improves diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.
  • Further research may refine surgical techniques for congenital ear anomalies.