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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four...
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Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

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Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
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Assessment of the Abdomen III: Palpation01:23

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Palpation is a crucial tactile examination method for assessing abdominal organs and detecting conditions like tenderness, distention, masses, or fluid. It involves both light and deep palpation techniques, each serving specific diagnostic purposes. Light palpation helps identify tenderness and other surface-level indicators, while deep palpation locates and assess abdominal masses and organ boundaries. A skilled professional can gather valuable insights through palpation, including evaluating...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis
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Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks.

Scott Urigel, Jeffrey Molter

    AANA Journal
    |March 25, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks offer effective postoperative pain relief for abdominal surgery. Ultrasound-guided TAP blocks reduce pain and opioid use, improving patient recovery with fewer side effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Regional Anesthesia
    • Pain Management
    • Surgical Analgesia

    Background:

    • Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks are an evolving regional anesthetic technique.
    • They are utilized in multimodal approaches for anterolateral abdominal wall analgesia.
    • Techniques have advanced from landmark-based to ultrasound-guided methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current understanding and application of Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks.
    • To discuss different approaches and their impact on local anesthetic distribution and sensory blockade.
    • To highlight the benefits of TAP blocks in postoperative pain management.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block techniques.
    • Comparison of subcostal, midaxillary, and ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric approaches.

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  • Analysis of the impact of surgical procedure type and location on approach selection.

    • Main Results:

    • TAP blocks effectively reduce postoperative pain and opioid requirements.
    • Different TAP block approaches result in varied local anesthetic distribution and sensory blockade extent.
    • Ultrasound guidance has improved the precision of TAP block placement.

    Conclusions:

    • Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks are a valuable tool for managing postoperative abdominal pain.
    • The choice of TAP block approach should be tailored to the specific surgical procedure.
    • Further research is needed to optimize local anesthetic selection for TAP blocks.