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Updated: May 1, 2026

Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
Published on: August 4, 2022
Opioid maintenance, weaning and detoxification techniques: where we have been, where we are now and what the future
Anthony Plunkett1, Devon Kuehn, Mark Lenart
1Anesthesia & Operative Services, Acute Pain Medicine, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA. anthonyrplunkett@gmail.com.
Abstract:
SUMMARY Medically supervised opioid withdrawal is a complex and constantly evolving exercise in multimodal therapy that draws from the expertise of a variety of clinical specialties. Acute substitution and weaning has been performed utilizing opioid agonists, partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine), mixed agonist/antagonists (e.g., Suboxone®), and α2 adrenergic agonists. While thousands of patients are being treated with these 'classic' opioid-withdrawal techniques, traditional treatment approaches are being challenged by the emergence of innovative techniques based on an understanding of the neurochemistry of addiction. Pharmacotherapy with controlled withdrawal is currently the most reliable method of opioid detoxification, but, as translational medicine continues to advance and genomic markers for opioid sensitivity and dependence are identified, the future shows great potential for growth and change.
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